This is not intended to be a comprehensive list of my beliefs, but rather a good start of many of the basics.
The Articles of Faith are statements that summarize our fundamental beliefs.
The Proclamation on the Family discusses the importance of the family in God's Eternal plan and how to have a successful marriage and family in this life and the next.
The Living Christ: The Testimony of the Apostles outlines the life of Jesus Christ and our knowledge and testimony of him. I gained a much greater understanding of his life and teachings as I memorized this testimony earlier this year. My favorite line is the last: "God be thanked for the matchless gift of His divine son"
Mormon.org outlines other beliefs and doctrines not discussed here and is a fantastic resource.
